Verification using Duality

An important component of a verification procedure is the determination of errors in single grid analysis

Rich literature on using adjoints to produce error estimates and to subsequently refine the meshes to closely control the accuracy of specific output of a numerical simulation

Error estimate related to a target functional
Non-orthodox regions of refinement


Primal solution: density	Dual solution for lift functional: density	Adapted mesh

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Giles, M., Pierce, N., and Suli, E. “Progress in Adjoint Error Correction for Integral Functionals.” Comput. Visualisation Sci. Vol. 6, 2004.
Barth, T. & Larson, M. “A Posteriori Error Estimates for Higher Order Godunov Finite Volume Methods on Unstructured Meshes”, Finite Volumes for Complex Applications III, Hermes Pub. Ltd., June 2002